涂料行业清洁生产审核实例研究

我国涂料行业高速发展的同时,严峻的行业环境问题严重限制了我国涂料行业的进一步发展.本文进行了涂料行业清洁生产审核实例研究.实践表明,加快我国涂料行业清洁生产技术的研究与开发,推进涂料企业清洁生产审核工作,可有效地减少涂料生产带来的环境污染,对我国涂料行业的可持续发展具有重要意义.     

浙江省造纸行业推行区域性清洁生产审核模式的探索

在浙江省造纸行业比较集中的富阳市,将一批生产白板纸的同类型企业作为一个区域整体,开展清洁生产审核工作。将富阳市8家造纸企业作为区域清洁生产审核模式的示范试点,并进行了初步研究。研究结果认为,区域性的清洁生产审核模式适用于所有行业,具有很强的推广性。     

Assessing farming eco-efficiency: a Data Envelopment Analysis approach

This paper assesses farming eco-efficiency using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. Eco-efficiency scores at both farm and environmental pressure-specific levels are computed for a sample of Spanish farmers operating in the rain-fed agricultural system of Campos County. The determinants of eco-efficiency are then studied using truncated regression and bootstrapping techniques. We contribute to previous literature in this field of research by including information on slacks in the assessment of the potential environmental pressure reductions in a DEA framework. Our results reveal that farmers are quite eco-inefficient, with very few differences emerging among specific environmental pressures. Moreover, eco-inefficiency is closely related to technical inefficiencies in the management of inputs. Regarding the determinants of eco-efficiency, farmers benefiting from agri-environmental programs as well as those with university education are found to be more eco-efficient. Concerning the policy implications of these results, public expenditure in agricultural extension and farmer training could be of some help to promote integration between farming and the environment. Furthermore, Common Agricultural Policy agri-environmental programs are an effective policy to improve eco-efficiency, although some doubts arise regarding their cost-benefit balance.     

清洁生产审核在石油企业基层的应用研究

文章总体介绍了中国石化河南油田分公司古城油矿实施清洁生产审核的概况,针对基层开展清洁生产审核工作的现状,重点分析了审核过程中存在的各种问题:审核培训的深度和力度不够,基层清洁生产审核的人力、物力资源严重不足等。提出提高基层清洁生产审核效果的对策:加强全员清洁生产知识和审核方法的培训,选定合适的清洁生产审核单元,充分利用好现有的技术资源。通过实施清洁生产方案取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

An innovative computer design for modeling forest landscape change in very large spatial extents with fine resolutions

Although forest landscape models (FLMs) have benefited greatly from ongoing advances of computer technology and software engineering, computing capacity remains a bottleneck in the design and development of FLMs. Computer memory overhead and run time efficiency are primary limiting factors when applying forest landscape models to simulate large landscapes with fine spatial resolutions and great vegetation detail. We introduce LANDIS PRO 6.0, a landscape model that simulates forest succession and disturbances on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. LANDIS PRO 6.0 improves on existing forest landscape models with two new data structures and algorithms (hash table and run-length compression). The innovative computer design enables LANDIS PRO 6.0 to simulate very large (>10⁸ ha) landscapes with a 30-m spatial resolution, which to our knowledge no other raster forest landscape models can do. We demonstrate model behavior and performance through application to five nested forest landscapes with varying sizes (from 1 million to 100 million 0.09-ha cells) in the southern Missouri Ozarks. The simulation results showed significant and variable effects of changing spatial extent on simulated forest succession patterns. Results highlighted the utility of a model like LANDIS PRO 6.0 that is capable of efficiently simulating large landscapes and scaling up forest landscape processes to a common regional scale of analysis. The programming methodology presented here may significantly advance the development of next generation of forest landscape models.     

中美固定源烟气排放连续监测系统对比浅析

简述了我国烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)概况;介绍了美国CEMS体系及先进的管理经验,并从CEMS运营责任主体、管理依据、审核与管理模式以及数据应用等方面对中美CEMS体系进行了对比分析,在此基础上,提出了我国CEMS存在的问题和相应的对策建议.     

江苏省环保资金事前补助金额校正优化研究--以江苏省燃煤发电机组SCR脱硝工程为例

江苏省环保专项资金一般根据专家经验对项目核定后进行事前补助,事后开展针对项目财务支出的合规性评价,但忽视了专家核定补助金额是否合理。根据近3年江苏省燃煤发电机组SCR脱硝工艺典型项目审计报告,分析了项目审计核定支出额与专家核定支出额的规模(100 MW级及以下、300 MW级、600 MW级及以上)差异、区域(苏南、苏中、苏北)差异及其影响因素,发现100 MW级及以下机组环保资金审计核定支出额显著高于专家核定补助额,在剔除100 MW级及以下机组后,苏南地区项目环保资金审计核定支出额显著高于专家核定补助额,基于此提出了项目补助费用校正优化建议,为环保资金科学分配、提高财政资金支出效率提供了理论依据。     

企业清洁生产方案的产生与识别研究

清洁生产方案的产生与识别是清洁生产审核工作能否取得成效的重要环节。通过对清洁生产方案产生与识别所要把握的原则和基本的工作程序、步骤进行有针对性的分析和论述,进一步阐明具体审核过程中相对于清洁生产方案的产生与识别所应采取的相应措施,从而为实际审核工作提供科学的依据和借鉴。     

Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process

• Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased effluent quality and environmental benefits. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased energy consumption but not operating cost. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased the net profit and cost efficiency. • The advantage of MBR is related to the adopted effluent standard. • The techno-economy of MBR improves with stricter effluent standards. While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process to the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs. CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation. In this study, we analyzed the operating data of 20 large-scale WWTPs (capacity≥10000 m³/d) and compared their techno-economy before and after the retrofitting from CAS to MBR. Through cost-benefit analysis, we evaluated the net profit by subtracting the operating cost from the environmental benefit (estimated by the shadow price of pollutant removal and water reclamation). After the retrofitting, the removal rate of pollutants increased (e.g., from 89.0% to 93.3% on average for NH₃-N), the average energy consumption increased from 0.40 to 0.57 kWh/m³, but the operating cost did not increase significantly. The average marginal environmental benefit increased remarkably (from 0.47 to 0.66 CNY/g for NH₃-N removal), leading to an increase in the average net profit from 19.4 to 24.4 CNY/m³. We further scored the technical efficiencies via data envelopment analysis based on non-radial directional distance functions. After the retrofitting, the relative cost efficiency increased from 0.70 to 0.73 (the theoretical maximum is 1), while the relative energy efficiency did not change significantly. The techno-economy is closely related to the effluent standard adopted, particularly when truncating the extra benefit of pollutant removal beyond the standard in economic modeling. The modeling results suggested that MBR is more profitable than CAS given stricter effluent standards.     

在环境保护中开展环境审计的重要作用

工业革命把人类推向工业文明,工业文明刺激人类对资源的无限需求,创造出大量消耗资源、严重污染环境的生产方式,产生了大量的环境污染和生态危机。于是,提高环境质量、开展环境保护、保证经济发展的可持续性的呼声越来越高。环境审计作为环境保护的一种有力工具,在当代经济活动中会越来越发挥其重要作用。本文就环境审计的有关问题作一阐述,以其推动环境审计在我国的发展。